文书写作指南大全（四）风格和语气

b) had
c) was exposed to
4. Samuel’s touchdown __________ the stadium crowd.
a) created much energy in
b) energized
c) really energized
5. Woolf’s essay __________ my opinion of gender inequality.
a) challenged
b) made me take another look at
c) was challenging to
6. As Jessica drew near me, I __________ the baton and took off running.
a) grasped
b) got
c) was given
7. Once my mother had fallen asleep, I __________ the dolls on her nightstand.
a) put
b) arranged
c) set up
8. Chris and I __________ an educational project for first-graders in our community.
a) began
b) started
c) initiated
9. “Why didn’t you ask me before throwing it away?” Jason __________.
a) hollered
b) said angrily
c) started to yell
10. Mr. Franklin __________ that he was our true father.
a) let us know
b) told us
c) revealed
答案:
1) c; 2) a; 3) a; 4) b; 5) a; 6) a; 7) b; 8) c; 9) a; 10) c;
将被动语态改为主动语态
如果你要将被动句改为主动句，必须先找出施事者，即完成动词所表示的动作的人或物。将该“施事者”作为句子的主语，然后对动词做相应的改变。你可以按照以下这些步骤来处理你文章中许多被动语态的句子：
1．全面检查一下”was” 和”were”这两个词，因为它们经常表示被动。
2．划掉 “was” 或 “were”。
3．在 “was” 或 “were” 后面的动词上加 “-ed”。
4．如果改变了的动词没有语法意义，那它就是个不规则动词，因此需把它改为一般的过去时态。
5．围绕这个新的主动语态动词重写句子。
练习：使句子意义更主动
将以下被动语态的句子改为主动语态。注意：有些句子无须改变。
1. I was taught by my brother the principles of barbecuing. _____________________________________________________________
2. My father was given the title by the former head chief.
_______________________________________________________________
3. The house was wrecked by the party and the cat was let loose by the guests.
_______________________________________________________________
4. The house is a mess, the cat is lost, and the car has been stolen by Justin.
_______________________________________________________________
5. Unfortunately, my plan was ruined by Gerald, the building superintendent.
_______________________________________________________________
6. The roof was leaking. It had been leaking all week.
__________________________________________________________________
7. The ball was thrown by Lucy, who had been hiding in the bushes.
_______________________________________________________________
8. Francesca was placed on the first flight to Boston. Her father put her there.
_______________________________________________________________
9. “To be or not to be?” That is the question.
_______________________________________________________________
10. A feast had been created from nothing. I was astounded.
_______________________________________________________________
答案：
1. My brother taught me the principles of barbecuing.
2. The former head chief gave the title to my father.
3. The party wrecked the house and the guests let the cat loose.
4. The house is a mess, the cat is lost, and Justin has stolen the car.
5. Unfortunately, Gerald, the building superintendent, ruined my plan.
6. No change.
7. Lucy, who had been hiding in the bushes, threw the ball.
8. Francesca’s father placed her on the first flight to Boston.
9. No change.
10. A feast had been created from nothing. This astounded me.
练习：被动语态 —— 自由作文
写一篇100词的短文，题目不限（但最好与你的文章题目有关），不用动词 “to be” 的任何形式。
四、转折语
申请者常常忽视转折语对自己文章的危害。一篇好的文章在一段里面、特别是段落与段落之间一定要使用转折语，以便保持文章的流畅逻辑。没有转折语的文章就象一群孤立的小岛，读者要费尽力气才能从一点转到另一点。因此，要用转折语作为连接你的各种想法的桥梁。当你从一个段落到另一个段落时，你除了继续讲你的故事，你不必再为你的叙述进行解释。如果段落之间的转折需要解释，那么你的文章要么范围太大，要么不够流畅，缺乏逻辑。一个好的转折句子可以填补两段之间所缺的那一行。
不必太多地考虑如何去造转折句。如果你的提纲的概念很自然地一个接一个，后一个以前一个为前提，那么转折语也在其中了。切勿强迫自己使用转折语，尽量避免使用诸如“however”, ”nevertheless”, 或 “furthermore” 这些词。如果你觉得段落之间的转折有困难，或想把某个转折语强加进一个已写好的段落里去，那么，这可能说明你文章的总的结构有问题。如果你对此有怀疑，则回头再读一读你原先的提纲，看你是否每一段写一个要点，是否每个要点联系自然，前后连贯，结论符合逻辑。最后一段的转折语特别关键。如果对你如何得出最后的想法不清楚，那么说明你提纲的结论是硬塞进去的，或你的提纲缺乏中心。
如果你对自己文章的结构有信心，但发现自己可能在适当转折的地方给难住了，那么试试重复前一段的关键词使自己的想法发展下去。如果不行，那么作为最后的一招，试从以下列出的常用转折语中找到你所需要的。
添加事实或信息，可用：
as well, and, additionally, furthermore, also, too, in addition, another, beside, moreover, etc.
表示事件发生的时间顺序，可用：
first of all, meanwhile, followed by, then, next, before, after, last, finally, one month later, one year later, etc.
按重要性程度顺序列举事物，可用：
first, second etc., next, last, finally, more importantly, more significantly, above all, primarily, etc.
联系自己的想法与事实或例子，可用：
for example, for instance, to illustrate, this can be seen, etc.
表示因果关系，可用：
as a result, thus, consequently, eventually, therefore, etc.
表示对比，可用：
nonetheless, however, yet, but, though, on the other hand, although, even though, in contrast, unlike, differing from, on the contrary, instead, whereas, nevertheless, despite, regardless of, etc.
表示比较，可用：
in a different sense, similarly, likewise, similar to, like, just as, conversely, etc.
练习7：转折语
用有效的转折语（如果需要的话）将下面的句子连接起来。（在某些情况下， 两个句子可各自成立而不须用转折语）
1. Ordinarily, I took my responsibility seriously and would write down classmates' names to preserve the silence and decorum of

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